The Preposition da

da is used in expressions of weight, measure or quantity:

• kilogramo da sukero – a kilo of sugar
• glaso da akvo – a glass of water
• multe da ideoj – a lot of ideas

⚠️ Watch out: after a quantity word, use da, not de. glaso da akvo = a glass of water.

The Suffix -ig

This "causative" suffix means "to make, to cause to be":

• beligi – to beautify (make beautiful)
• grandigi – to enlarge, to make bigger
• sanigi – to cure, to heal
• mortigi – to kill (cause to die)

⚠️ Watch out: don't confuse -ig with -iĝ (lesson 6). -ig = to make something change (beligi – to make beautiful); -iĝ = to become (beliĝi – to grow beautiful).

The Suffix -aĉ

shows the speaker's low opinion of the thing:

• hundaĉo – cur (a wretched dog)
• knabaĉo – brat
• skribaĉi – to scribble

Questions with a preposition plus kiu

A preposition can stand before kiu. The preposition shows the relation:

• Al kiu vi skribis? – To whom did you write?
• Kun kiu vi parolis? – With whom did you speak?
• Kontraŭ kiu vi ludis? – Against whom did you play?

Neni- words

Words beginning with neni- already make the sentence negative. Do not add a second ne:

• Mi vidas nenion. – I see nothing.
• Neniu venis. – No one came.

More word-building parts

Small words and roots you already know can reappear inside new words:

• sub + skribi → subskribi – to sign
• super + -a → supera – upper, superior
• trans + iri → transiri – to go across
• de + veni → deveni – to come from
• for + kuri → forkuri – to run away