Table of correlatives
A family of 45 short, regular words (who, what, where, when, this, that, everything, nothing …) is built on a simple grid. Study the full table in the appendix — Table of correlatives — and notice how logically it is built up: the meaning of each word follows from its first part plus its second part. Memorize these in particular:
- ĉio – everything
- ĉiu – each, every, everyone
- ĉiuj – all (plural)
- ĉiam – always
- iom – a bit, somewhat, rather
Some correlatives can take the endings -j (plural) and -n (accusative):
- -j attaches to those ending in -u and -a
- -n to those ending in -o, -u, -a and -e
Kio
- kio – what
- kion – what (as object)
Example:
- Kion vi manĝas? Kukon mi manĝas. – What are you eating? I'm eating cake.
Kiu
- kiu – who (singular), which
- kiun – who(m) (singular), which (one, as object)
- kiuj – who (plural), which
- kiujn – who(m) (plural), which (ones, as objects)
Kia
- Kia estas la vetero? – What is the weather like?
- Kian aŭton vi havas? – What kind of car do you have?
- Kiaj estas ŝiaj leteroj? – What are her letters like?
- Kiajn fotojn vi faris? – What sort of photographs did you take?
Kie
- kie – where (at)
- kien – where (to)
Examples:
- Kie mi estas? – Where am I?
- Kien vi iras? – Where are you going?
With prepositions
- al kiu – to whom, who to
- kun kiu – with whom, who with
- al tiu – to that one
- inter tiuj – among those
Degrees of Comparison
The comparative uses pli (more) and the superlative plej (most) — there are no irregular forms like "good, better, best" to memorize:
- pli bona – better
- pli granda – bigger
- plej bona – best
- plej granda – biggest
"Than" is ol; with a superlative, "of" is el:
- pli bona ol vi – better than you
- la plej bona el ĉiuj – the best of all
pli and plej work with adverbs too:
- pli rapide – more quickly
- plej rapide – most quickly
Dum
dum is both a preposition ("during") and a conjunction ("while"):
- Li sidas dum la manĝo. – He sits during the meal.
- Ŝi skribas dum li legas. – She writes while he reads.
Ĉi
The particle ĉi is used with ti-correlatives to show nearness:
- tiu – that one / tiu ĉi or ĉi tiu – this one
- tie – there / tie ĉi or ĉi tie – here
💡 Memory aid: ĉi always pulls things close — ĉi tie is "here", the spot you could almost touch.
The suffix -ind
means "worth -ing" or "worthy":
- aŭskultinda – worth listening to
- leginda – worth reading
- bedaŭrinde – unfortunately (literally: regret-worthily)
- nedankinde – polite reply to dankon (literally: not-thank-worthily)