Negation

The rules for negation are much as in English.

• Nek li nek ŝi respondis. – Neither he or she answered.

• Vi nek sidas nek rigardas. – You are neither sitting nor looking.

• Mi neniam diros al iu. – I shall never tell anyone. (Mi neniam diros al neniu is wrong in Esperanto just as "I shan't never tell no-one" is in English.)

Mem

Mem means "self" (myself, yourself, himself etc.) and is used to emphasize the noun or pronoun it follows. (Compare si, reflexive, lesson 4.)

• Mi mem faris tion. – I myself did that, I did that myself.

Bye…

There are various ways of saying "goodbye" in Esperanto, but the most usual is

• ĝis la revido – literally "until the re-seeing" (Compare English "see you", French "au revoir".)

Alternatively it may be said without the article:

• ĝis revido.

The Prefix ek-

shows

1. the beginning of an action, or
2. a sudden momentary action.

Examples:

• ekparoli – to start speaking
• eksilenti – to fall silent
• eksidi – to sit down, to take a seat
• ekridi – to burst out laughing

The Suffix -aĵ

means "thing", a concrete object:

• manĝaĵo – food
• trinkaĵo – drink, beverage
• belaĵo – something beautiful
• sendaĵo – something sent, a missive